29 Apr 2024

 MR MTILA 0675975756



 

CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIBING

 

 

1.1.      Meaning of describing

Describing is defined as giving details about a person, thing or event.

a.   People’s ongoing activities

TENSE

It is a time described by a verb, shown by its grammatical form (the state of a verb).

Categories of tense

                                         i.    Present tense

                                        ii.    Past tense

                                      iii.    Future tense

 

1.2.      VERBS

Verb is a word that shows an action, occurrence or state of being.

They are words which describe action or feeling.

Verbs describe things that happen;

·        Today or now (present) – play (plays), walk (walks), dance (dances), write (write)

·        Yesterday or past time- played, walked, danced, wrote

·        Tomorrow or future – will play, shall walk, will dance, and shall write.

 

 

 

PRESENT TENSE

Used to refer to actions and situation which happen or reportedly all the time or at any time.

Formula

Subject + infinite verb + object

Subject – doer of the action ( noun or pronoun)

Infinite verb - (play(s))

Object –receiver of the action.

·        I play football.

·        She cooks pilau

·        They write notes

subject

Infinite verb

Object/complement

I

We

You

She

He

It

They

Asma

 

play

eat

drive

cooks

sings

runs

write

cleans

Football

Cassava

the car

pizza

the song

faster

the notes

dishes

RULES

    i.        We add s, es, or ies for 3rd person singular

3rd person singular – (he, she, it)

·        We add s for the verb which ends with consonants and vowel.

Examples:

Walks, sleeps, takes, runs, plays

1.   She sleeps early.

2.   He plays football

3.   It runs faster

·        We add es  for verb which ends with ss, ch, o, sh

Examples:

Goes, does, reaches, passes, watches, brushes

Sentences

1.   Asha goes to school

2.   He washes his clothes

3.   It reaches on the roof.

4.   It passes faster

·        We add ies for the verb which ends with “y” before “y” there is consonants so we remove “y” and add ies

Examples:

Cry           cries

Carry         carries

Marry                marries

Fly            flies

Sentences

1.  she cries a lot.

2.  It flies over the sky.

3.  Juma carries laggage.

  ii.        We do not add s, es, ies to verb when we use pronoun I, WE, YOU, THEY.

Examples:

1.  I play football

2.  We cook pilau.

3.  You sing the song.

4.  They clean toilet.

Into negative form

Formula

Subject + do/does not + verb + object/complement

subject

Do/does not

verb

Object/complement

I

She

We

He

Do not

Does not

Do not

Does not

Answer

Watch

Cook

count

The question

TV

Bananas

numbers

 

 

Note:  a. we use do not for pronouns, I, WE, YOU, THEY and plural nouns.

Examples:

1.   I do not go to school.

2.   They do not cry a lot.

3.   We do not eat birian.

4.   Ali and Juma do not write their reports.

5.   Teachers do not teach us English.

 

b.     Does not used with pronoun she, he, it or singular nouns.

Example:

1.   She does not play netball

2.   He does not write his exercise.

3.   It does not fly over.

4.   Haitham does not cook well

5.   Ali does not drive car.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINOUS TENSE

The tense express something that is happening now or at the time we are speaking.

Formula

Positive sentences:

Subject + verb to be (am/is/are) + verb (ing) + object

Note:  am for I   (singular)

         Is for he, she and it (singular)

         Are for you, we and they (plural)

Examples:

Singular

subject

Verb to be (am, is)

Verb (ing)

object

I

She

He

Kassim

It

Jane

am

is

is

is

is

is

playing

cooking

writing

drawing

running

cleaning

football

cassava

notes

pictures

away

utensils

 

Plural

subject

Verb to be (are)

Verb (ing)

object

They

We

You

Jafar and Ahmed

are

are

are

are

watching

coming

doing

making

movie

home

exam

noice

 

 

PAST TENSE

It is the tense which express past actions or the actions which took place in a previous time. It can be; yesterday, day before yesterday, last week, last month, previous year.

a.   Past tense with regular verbs

We add ed or d to the verbs

Examples

Verbs

Past tense

Want

Use

Walk

Work

Call

Ask

finish

Play

Start

wash

Like

Live

arrange

Include

Change

Watch

follow

look

help

wanted

used

walked

worked

called

asked

finished

played

started

washed

liked

lived

arranged

included

changed

watched

followed

looked

helped

 

b.   Past tense with irregular verbs

Examples:

Verbs

Past tense

Go

Buy

Come

Choose

Find

Make

Be

Say

See

Take

Think

Begin

Break

Become

Blow

Bring

Catch

Eat

Get

sleep

fight

went

bought

came

chose

found

made

was

said

saw

took

thought

began

broke

became

blew

brought

caught

ate

got

slept

fought

 

Sentences

Formula:

Subject + past tense verb (regular/irregular) + object

subject

past tense verb (regular/irregular)

object

I

They

She

 It

Ali and Ibrahim

He

Asha

They

The pupils

Teacher

Played

Visited

Prepared

Jumped

Watched

Slept

Took

Threw

Stood

taught

football

Ngorongoro Park last year

tea.

over the wall.

movie.

very early

my pen

the rubbish

near the tree

us English subject

 

 

 

NOTE:

We use the past tense when we answer the questions or explain whzt we did in previous time

 

People future activities

 

 

FUTURE TENSE

It is a tense which express the actions that will happen next time. such as , tomorrow, next week, next month, next holiday.

 

 

 

 

Formula

Subject + will/shall + verb + object

subject

Will/shall

verb

object

I

We

You

She

He

It

They

Asha

Juma

 

Shall

Shall

Will

Will

Will

Will

Will

Will

will

go

come

sit

do

watch

run

play

cook

drive

to Zanzibar Park

tomorrow

on the chair

the work

television

away

football

birian

a car

 

 

OBJECTS AND THEIR TYPES, COLOURS, SIZE AND LOCATIONS

Types of objects

Objects

Materials (what is it made of)

A desk

A chair

A table

A pencil

A pen

A ruler

A sharpener

A scissors

A glass

A knife

A bag

A shoe

wood or fiber

wood or plastic

wood or plastic

wood

plastic

plastic or metal

plastic

metal

glass

metal

leather (animal skin)

leather

 

Pictures

Examples:

A ruler

What is it made of?

It is made of plastic.

A glass

What is it made of?

It is made of glass.

 

A table

What is it made of?

It is made of wood.

 

 

1.9.    COLOURS

2.   Black

Example:

Blackboard, shoes,  bag

3.   white

Example:

Papers, cotton, clouds

4.   Yellow

Example:

Banana, sun, fire

5.   Green

Example:

Leaves, mango, lemon

 

 

 

 

 

6.   Blue

Example:

Sea, sky

7.   Red

Example:

Blood, tomato, strawberry

8.   Pink

Example:

Ice-cream

9.   Orange

Example:

Carrot, orange

10.                Brown

Example:

Clay, potatoes, sugar

11.                Purple

Example:

Grapes, brinjal

12.                Gold

Example:

coin plate

13.                Silver

Example:

Dinner plate coin

14.                Grey

Example:

Trouser, t-shirt

 

Sentences

What colour is this?

It is yellow colour

 

 

What colour is this?

It is red colour

 

What colour is this?

It is blue colour.

 

 

 

SIZES

These are so many adjectives words used to express sizes of objects

Examples;

1.   Large

2.   Small

3.   Long

4.   Short

5.   Sharp

6.   Narrow

7.   Thin

8.   Thick

Examples

What size is it?

It is a big ball

What size is it?

It is a small ball

LOCATIONS

It is a particular place or position

Examples

     i.        Where is the desk?

The desk is behind the door.

    ii.        Where is the switch?

The switch is next to the blackboard.

  iii.        Where is the bag?

The bag is on the table.

  iv.        Where is the ruler?

The ruler is under the chair.

   v.        Where is the book?

The book is in the bag.

 

 

 

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